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61.
Kobayashi K Pillai KS Sakuratani Y Suzuki M Jie W 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2008,29(1):47-52
Most of the statistical techniques used to evaluate the data obtained from toxicity studies are based on the assumption that the data show a normal distribution and homogeneity of variance. Literature review on toxicity studies on laboratory animals reveals that in most of the cases homogeneity of variance alone is examined for the data obtained from these studies. But the data that show homogeneity of variance need not always show a normal distribution. In fact, most of the data derived from toxicity studies, including hematological and biochemical parameters show a non-normal distribution. On examining normality of data obtained from various toxicity studies using different normality tests, we observed that Shapiro-Wilk test is more appropriate than Kolmogorov-Smimov test, Lilliefors test, the normal probability paper analysis and Chi square test. But there are situations, especially in the long-term toxicity studies, where normality is not shown by one or more than one of the dosage groups. In this situation, we propose that the data maybe analyzed using Dunnett multiple comparison test after excluding the data of the groups that do not show normality However, the biological relevance of the excluded data has to be carefully scrutinized. We also observed that the tendency of the data to show a normal distribution seems to be related to the age of the animals. Present paper describes various tests commonly used to test normality and their power, and also emphasizes the need of subjecting the data obtained from toxicity studies to both normality and homogeneity tests. A flow chart suggesting the statistical techniques that maybe used for both the types of data showing a normal or non-normal distribution is also proposed. 相似文献
62.
Otolith microstructure and microchemistry were examined in juveniles of Australasian shortfinned eel, Anguilla australis, from Australia and New Zealand. Patterns in otolith increment widths were similar in these two stocks. A marked increase
in otolith increment width was found from age 138 to 198 d (mean ± SD: 164 ± 18.6 d) from Australia, 161 to 208 d (185 ± 17.3 d)
from the western coast of New Zealand and 161 to 211 d (187 ± 18.9 d) from the eastern coast. These changes coincided with
a drastic decrease in otolith Sr:Ca ratios, suggesting that metamorphosis began at these ages in each species. The duration
of metamorphosis estimated from otolith microstructure was the same in the different stocks, 17 to 41 d (mean ± SD: 27 ± 5.4 d).
Ages at recruitment were 186 to 239 d (mean ± SD: 208 ± 17.4 d) from Australia, 214 to 263 d (232 ± 19.8 d) from the western
coast of New Zealand and 208 to 266 d (237 ± 20.0 d) from the eastern coast. There was a significant difference in the age
between the Australian stock and the two stocks from New Zealand. No significant difference was found in the age between the
latter two stocks. The difference in the period for the recruitment between Australian and New Zealand stocks seems to reflect
their geographical separation.
Received: 1 March 1999 / Accepted: 19 July 1999 相似文献
63.
64.
A model for the larval migration of the Japanese eel: roles of the trade winds and salinity front 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A model that helps explain the mysterious long-distance migration of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) is presented, based on oceanographic observations, satellite buoy drift experiments, and samplings of eel larvae taken in 1991. The trajectory of a 150 m depth buoy relased in the spawning area strongly suggests that A. japonica larvae spawned just south of the salinity front are transported westward by the North Equatorial Current (NEC). The larvae are then thought to be entrained into the Mindanao Current flowing southward along the Philippine Islands where A. japonica juveniles are scarcely distributed. These controversial results lead to the assumption that eel larvae are transferred from the NEC to the northward flowing Kuroshio, which distributes the eel larvae to the growth habitats of eastern Asia. In this eel larvae transfer model, a northward Ekman transport caused by trade winds plays an important role in explaining the wind-induced northward shift of the larvae together with the onset of diel vertical migration. Assuming that leptocephali greater than 20 mm initiate the vertical migration, a westward wind velocity greater than 5 to 10 m s-1 should be high enough to diminish the southward current velocity. When the physical and geophysical conditions — such as the salinity front for spawning activity, the water tunnel for westward larval transport, the Ekman transport by the trade wind for transfer of the larvae from the NEC to the Kuroshio, and the strong velocity of the Kuroshio for rapid transport to growth habitats — are well matched with the timing of the onset of vertical migration, large-scale eel migration could result. 相似文献
65.
Sato E Shibata K Wu YX Uezato T Kobayashi K Miura N 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2003,24(1):39-43
Skin darkened tadpoles sometimes appear spontaneously. Darkened was artificially induced in Xenopus larvae by yohimbine or chlorpromazine. These phenomena look like that are seen at pinealectomized or hypothalamus separated Xenopus larva. In this experiment, such a morphological color changed Xenopus larva is suggested by cause of inhibition of alpha2-adrenargic receptor or dopamine receptor from gastrula stages. 相似文献
66.
The recycling of waste plastics that include plastics that contain chlorine, such as polyvinyl chloride, is difficult because the chlorine leads to the corrosion of equipment. Then, the dechlorination method of waste plastics containing chlorine (CCWP) that consists of a series of melt process and hot water process was examined. CCWP was put into the melt process with coal tar (HOB) and converter dust (CD) to inhibit the diffusion of the chlorine-containing gas. The results indicated that iron oxide of the principal element of CD combines with chlorine eliminated from CCWP, and forms water-soluble iron chloride on the melt process. HOB dissolves or adsorbs a part of the chlorine during the melt process, and inhibits the diffusion of the chlorine-containing gas. Approximately 98% of the chlorine in the CCWP reacts with CD and forms iron chloride, which can be extracted on the hot water process. 相似文献
67.
Yasuhito Igarashi Yayoi Inomata Michio Aoyama Katsumi Hirose Hiroshi Takahashi Yoshihiro Shinoda Nobuo Sugimoto Atsushi Shimizu Masaru Chiba 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(18):2971-2980
Decades-long monitoring of anthropogenic radionuclides in the atmospheric deposition in Tsukuba, Japan suggests not only the substantial impacts of the Asian dust (Kosa) on the deposition but also the possible change of the Kosa source region, especially during springs of the 2000s. In order to know more about such change, 4 single wet deposition events occurred in the spring of 2007 were scrutinized. The largest anthropogenic radionuclides wet deposition was supplied by the April 2–4 event. It brought several tens % of the monthly depositions (April 2007) of the dust (residue) mass (4.5 g m?2) and anthropogenic radionulides (90Sr: 16, 137Cs: 97 and Pu: 3 mBq m?2). None of the events observed fulfilled both criteria of the specific activities and 90Sr/137Cs activity ratio to the Tsukuba soil; they did not exhibit local soil dust signature. The Kosa events in fact have extensive impacts on the atmospheric environment over Japan in spring season. Considering the elevated specific activities as well as greater 137Cs/90Sr activity ratio in the deposited dust, it is hypothesized that the dust source areas in Asian continent would be shifting from the arid zone to the desert-steppe zone suffering from desertification during the 2000s. This type of the Kosa may be called as the ‘new-regime Kosa’. Chemical observation in the far downwind region of the Kosa dust could allow us to know possible shift in the source regions. 相似文献
68.
The development of gill chloride cells was examined in premetamorphic larvae (leptocephali) and juveniles (glass eels) of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Branchial chloride cells were detected by immunocytochemistry using an antiserum specific for Na+,K+-ATPase. The specificity and availability of the antiserum for the detection of Japanese eel chloride cells were confirmed by Western blot analysis. The chloride cells first appeared on the developing gill filaments in a mid larval stage of leptocephalus (32.2 mm). Both immunoreactivity and the number of chloride cells gradually increased as the fish grew to a late stage of leptocephalus over 54 mm. In glass eels just after metamorphosis, gill lamellae developed from the gill filaments, and a rich population of chloride cells was observed in the gill filaments. In glass eels collected at a coastal area, chloride cells were extensively distributed in the gill filaments. The chloride cell size decreased progressively in glass eels transferred from seawater (SW) to freshwater (FW), whereas there was no difference in cell number. In contrast, some Na+,K+-ATPase immunoreaction distinct from typical chloride cells was observed in the gill lamellae throughout FW-transferred fish, but disappeared in control fish maintained in SW for 14 days. These findings indicate that the gill and gill chloride cells developed slowly during the extremely long larval stage, followed by rapid differentiation during a short period of metamorphosis. The excellent euryhalinity of glass eels may be due to the presence of the filament chloride cells and lamellar Na+,K+-ATPase-immunoreaction, presumably being responsible for SW and FW adaptation, respectively. 相似文献
69.
Yasuhito Igarashi Michio Aoyama Katsumi Hirose Pavel Povinec Sadayo Yabuki 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2005,5(3-6):51-69
Currently, atmospheric anthropogenic radionuclides (particulate) are controlled by suspension of the surface dust containing
those radionuclides (resuspension). We have found, therefore, that such radionuclides can be used as tracers of the surface
dust suspension, transport and its subsequent deposition in distant areas. The 137Cs/90Sr activity ratios in the atmospheric deposition, without the direct influence of nuclear tests and accidents, at the Meteorological
Research Institute (MRI, Tsukuba, Japan) during the 1990s were fairly low (average: 2.1). This value is not in agreement with
the ratios in Japanese surface soils (range of averages: 4–7), which had been considered as the primary source of the deposited
dust. This suggests that the current atmospheric dust deposition in Japan is a mixture of local and remote components. The
remote component could be an aeolian dust that has been transported long distances from arid areas. The major component is
most likely to be Asian dust. It was further hypothesized that other remote source may exist beyond the Asian domain, based
on accumulated observations and model results. To obtain more information about the dust transport, Sahara dust deposited
in Monaco in 2002 and a suspended dust collected in the Taklamakan area in 2001 were analyzed for 90Sr and 137Cs. The Taklamakan dust exhibited a 137Cs/90Sr ratio of about 4, which is within the range of atmospheric deposition observed at the MRI, while the Sahara dust exhibited
a higher 137Cs/90Sr ratio (about 13). Although the present Sahara datum was negative for our hypothesis of ‘hyper-range transport’, the seasonal
change of the 137Cs/90Sr ratio in the atmospheric deposition observed at the MRI requires an aeolian dust source having a low 137Cs/90Sr ratio, other than Asian dust. 相似文献
70.
Hirose K Igarashi Y Aoyama M Kim CK Kim CS Chang BW 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2003,5(2):302-307
Plutonium in monthly deposition samples collected in Tsukuba (the Meteorological Research Institute), Japan from 1990 to end of 2001 is reported, together with monthly plutonium deposition in Nagasaki and Yonaguni in 2000. The annual deposition of (239,240)Pu during the period from 1990 to 2001 shows no systematic interannual variation. However, monthly (239,240)Pu depositions show a typical seasonal variation with a maximum in spring season (March to April), which corresponds to seasonal cycle of soil dusts originating from the East Asian arid area. Plutonium isotopic ratios in the deposition samples suggest that significant amounts of the recent (239,240)Pu deposition observed in Japan are attributed to the resuspension of plutonium-bearing surface soil particles; resuspended plutonium originates from the East Asian arid areas. The recent increased tendency of (239,240)Pu content in residues in deposition samples may reflect desertification in the East Asian continent. 相似文献